>From tnguyen Thu Jun 20 14:36:52 1991 remote from oasys.dt.navy.mil
Received: from oasys.dt.navy.mil by rn31.smsc.sony.com
	with SMTP (SONY RISC V.4 smtpd); Thu, 20 Jun 91 14:36:52 PDT
Received: by sonyusa.Sony.COM (4.0/SMI-4.0)
	id AA08662; Thu, 20 Jun 91 14:37:47 PDT
Received: from Sun.COM by Sony.COM (5.65+/1.34)
	id AA11776; Thu, 20 Jun 91 14:37:00 -0700
Received: from EBay.Sun.COM (female.EBay.Sun.COM) by Sun.COM (4.1/SMI-4.1)
	id AA07512; Thu, 20 Jun 91 14:35:06 PDT
Received: from trib.EBay.Sun.COM by EBay.Sun.COM (4.1/SMI-4.1)
	id AA10503; Thu, 20 Jun 91 14:33:08 PDT
Received: by trib.EBay.Sun.COM (4.1/SMI-4.1)
	id AA12183; Thu, 20 Jun 91 14:38:41 PDT
Return-Path: <tnguyen@oasys.dt.navy.mil>
Message-Id: <9106201951.AA26468@oasys.dt.navy.mil>
Date: 20 Jun 91 15:51 EDT
From: tnguyen@oasys.dt.navy.mil (Thang Nguyen)
Subject: [LAVAS] Summary of Refugee Law
To: viet-net@cs.bu.edu
Content-Type: text
Content-Length: 18676
Status: R

Dear netters:

In the past few days I have observed some inquiries on the net about
screening. In response, I repost the Summary of Refugee Law for your
own use as reference. I would appreciate if someone volunteers to save
this kind of material in some kind of archive accessible to other netters
when they need it. I really do not have the time to repost the same
information again and again.

Thank you,
Thang.
                     SUMMARY OF REFUGEE LAW

                               by

                           Daniel Wolf



               A PUBLICATION OF THE LAVAS PROJECT

                       BOAT PEOPLE S.O.S.

                            MAY 1991
                     SUMMARY OF REFUGEE LAW

Preface

     We believe that every asylum seeker has a fundamental right to
know what the law is concerning the determination of who is and who
is not a refugee before he or she is called upon to present his or
her case to an immigration officer or other competent authority. 
Accordingly, we are providing for your benefit the following
summary of refugee law.  This summary is based on the 1951
Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of
Refugees.  These are the most important international treaties
concerning the treatment of refugees and their status.  This
summary is also largely based on the UNHCR Handbook on Procedures
and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status.  This handbook was
prepared by the UNHCR as a "practical guide" for the use of
governments in making the determination of who is and who is not a
refugee.  It is our understanding that the Hong Kong Government has
agreed to use the Handbook as a legal guide in its screening
program for Vietnamese asylum seekers.

     We emphasize that this document only attempts to provide a
basic summary of refugee law as that law has been interpreted by
the UNHCR Handbook.  It does not purport to be a comprehensive
statement on the law concerning the determination of refugee
status.  Moreover, it is not clear to us whether the Hong Kong
Government agrees with all of the provisions of the Handbook cited
in this summary.  We have noted in the summary the points of which
we believe the application of the Handbook's provisions by the Hong
Kong Government are particularly uncertain.  Finally, we wish to
emphasize that the following summary is no substitute whatsoever
for competent legal counsel and advice.  We will continue to fight
for the recognition of the right to legal counsel for all asylum
seekers.

Summary of Law

     Under the Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of
Refugees, the term "refugee" applies to any person who:

     "owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of
     race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social
     group or political opinion, is outside the country of his
     nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling
     to avail himself of the protection of that country."

1. The Reasons for Persecution

     It is very important to understand that under this definition
not every person who suffered past or fears future "persecution" is
considered a refugee.  Instead, a refugee is defined as a person
who fears persecution for a particular reason.  There are five
possible reasons: "race, religion, nationality, membership of a
particular social group or political opinion." It is not necessary
to establish that you were persecuted for all of these reasons. 
One is enough.  It is also possible to establish that you were
persecuted for a combination of these reasons.  For example, you
may have been persecuted both because of your religion and your
political beliefs.  Of course, if you establish a fear of
persecution based on more than one reason, that fact should be
taken into account in evaluating your claim.  Finally, even if you
were not persecuted when you left Vietnam, you may still be
entitled to refugee status if you could show that owning to changed
circumstances, you have good reason to fear present persecution
upon your return.

     Persecution based on "reasons of race" essentially means
persecution based on membership of a particular ethnic group.  For
instance, if you were persecuted because of your Chinese ethnicity
or because of your Amerasian descent that would constitute
persecution based on race.

     Persecution for "reasons of religion" essentially means
persecution based on an individual's religious beliefs or
activities.

     Persecution for "reasons of nationality" is a little more
difficult to define.  It includes persecution based on citizenship
of another country, but also includes membership of an ethnic or
linguistic group.  Thus, it may occasionally overlap with
persecution based on "reasons of race."

     Persecution based on "membership of a particular social group"
is even more difficult to define.  According to the UNHCR Handbook,
a "particular social group normally comprises persons of similar
background, habits or social status." The UNHCR Handbook goes on to
state that "membership of such a particular social group may be at
the root of persecution because there is no confidence in the
group's loyalty to the Government." In a communist country such as
Vietnam, it may be possible to establish a refugee claim if you can
demonstrate that you were persecuted because you were regarded as
being a member of the bourgeois or landholding class, or because
your family members were involved in the military or civilian
government of the former regime.

     The final reason for persecution which may qualify an
individual for refugee status is persecution for reasons of
political opinion.  Thus, if you were persecuted on account of your
political beliefs or activities you may be entitled to refugee
status.  In order to demonstrate persecution based on political
opinion, it is not sufficient merely to show that you hold opinions
which are not tolerated by the authorities or which are critical of
their policies.  You must show that your political opinions have
come to the attention of the authorities or are likely to come to
their attention, and face persecution for this reason.  

     Finally, it is important to understand that an individual may
be persecuted for reasons of political opinion even if he or she
holds no political opinion of his or her own! This situation arises
when the government attributes a political opinion to the
individual.  Persecution in cases of this kind is sometimes
referred to as persecution based on "imputed political opinion."
For instance, you may have no political opinion of your own, but
the government may regard you as having "dangerous" political views
because of your family's connections to the military or civilian
government of the former regime.  Alternatively, the government may
regard you as a potential political enemy of the state because it
considers your religion to be reactionary.  Finally, the government
may regard any number of activities in which you have engaged as
political and may punish those activities as political crimes
regardless of whether you actually had any political motivations of
your own.  In certain circumstances, such punishment may amount to
persecution on account of imputed political opinion.

2. The Definition of Persecution

     In order to establish that you are a refugee, it is not enough
to show only that you are a member of a particular race, religion
or social group which is disliked by government authorities.  Nor
is it enough to show that the government considers you to have a
political opinion critical of its policies and methods.  You must
also show that for these reasons (race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social group or political opinion), you
have a well-founded fear of being persecuted upon return to your
home country.

     It is difficult to provide a precise meaning of what
constitutes persecution.  Nevertheless, it is safe to say that if
you are forced to endure suffering significantly worse than that of
the average person, or have good reason to fear such sufferings in
the future based on one of the reasons specified above, you have
been or will be persecuted.  If government authorities subject an
individual to prolonged imprisonment, torture or execution "on
account of that person's race, religion,
nationality, political opinion or a membership of a particular
social group" that would always be persecution.  Other violations
of human rights may also amount to persecution depending on the
individual circumstances and severity.  Examples of such violations
of human right might include the requirement to do forced labor or
to relocate in an area away from your home.  Of course, in every
instance, the denial of human rights must be related to one of the
reasons enumerated in the previous section of this summary.

     It is important at this point to draw a distinction between
persecution and discrimination.  With respect to this issue,
paragraph 54 of the UNHCR Handbook states that:

     "Differences in the treatment of various groups do indeed
     exist to a greater or lesser extent in many societies. 
     Persons who receive less favorable treatment as a result of
     such differences are not necessarily victims of persecution. 
     It is only in certain circumstances that discrimination will
     amount to persecution.  This would be so if measures of
     discrimination lead to consequences of a substantially
     prejudicial nature for the person concerned, e.g. serious
     restrictions on his right to earn his livelihood, his right to
     practice his religion, or his access to normally available
     educational facilities."

     It should be emphasized that in order to demonstrate
persecution based on measures of discrimination, the discrimination
must be very severe.  It is difficult to say in this connection how
much discrimination-induced suffering is enough.  But certainly you
must show more than merely that your income was moderately reduced
or you were unable to obtain the job of your choice.  Also, it is
important to note, as the UNHCR Handbook states, that "a claim to
fear of persecution will of course be stronger where a person has
been the victim of a number of discriminatory measures of this
type." In addition to restrictions on employment, religion or
education, such discriminatory measures might include restrictions
on freedom to travel, on your access to publicly available medical
care and your right to privacy (perhaps resulting from police
surveillance).

     According to the UNHCR Handbook, it is possible for an
individual to establish entitlement to refugee status even if he
cannot identify a single measure which would in itself constitute
persecution.  Instead, the Handbook looks to the "cumulative"
effect of the different measures which may have been directed
against an individual to determine whether or not he is a refugee. 
In the Handbook's own words:

     "An Applicant may have been subjected to various measures not
     in themselves amounting to persecution (e.g. discrimination in
     different forms) in some cases combined with other adverse
     factors...In such situations, the various elements involved
     may, if taken together, produce an effect on the mind of the
     applicant that can reasonably justify a well-founded fear of
     persecution on "cumulative grounds."  (Handbook, paragraph 53)

     
     In addition to the distinction between persecution and
discrimination, it is important to understand the distinction
between persecution and prosecution.  Persons fleeing prosecution
or punishment for a common law offense (e.g. murder, rape,
burglary, drug trafficking, etc.) are not normally refugees.  As we
are reminded by the UNHCR Handbook, "a refugee is a victim - or
potential victim - of injustice, not a fugitive from justice." Yet,
as the UNHCR Handbook also notes, the distinction between
punishment and persecution may "occasionally be obscured." For
instance, a person guilty of a common law offense may be punished
excessively on account of his race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social group or political opinion.  It
should also be emphasized that some governments may attempt to use
their laws to punish individuals for attempting to assert their
basic human rights (e.g. laws prohibiting certain forms of
religious worship or prohibiting the distribution of political
leaflets).  Obviously, punishment for violation of such laws would
support a persecution claim.

     Concerning the distinction between persecution and
prosecution, there are two special cases of particular interest to
the Vietnamese asylum seeker which need to be addressed.

     (a) Illegal Departure

     As you are aware, the Vietnamese government makes it a crime
to attempt to leave the country and to organize an illegal
departure.  In this connection, paragraph 61 of the UNHCR Handbook
states:                             

     "The legislation of certain states imposes severe penalties on
     nationals who depart from country in unlawful manner... Where
     there is reason to believe that a person, due to his illegal
     departure ... is liable to such severe penalties his
     recognition as a refugee will be justified if it can be shown
     that his motives for leaving or remaining outside the country
     are related to the reasons [of race, religion, nationality,
     membership of a particular social group or political
     opinion]."

     Thus, the UNHCR Handbook makes it clear that punishment for
illegal departure can under certain circumstances amount to
persecution.  Nevertheless, it appears that the Hong Kong
Government interprets this provision of the Handbook in a
restrictive manner with reference to the Vietnamese boat people. 
Nevertheless, for our part, we believe that punishment for illegal
departure would itself be sufficient to establish a refugee claim
if two conditions are met.  First, it must be shown that the
country of origin punishes illegal departures in a severe and
unfair manner.  Second, it needs to be shown that the reason for
such severe punishment is that the country of origin regards those
who have fled to have committed a political act against the state. 
In such circumstances, we believe that punishment of illegal
departure would constitute persecution on account of imputed
political opinion.

     (b) Draft Evasion

     The second case of particular interest to the Vietnamese
asylum seeker is punishment for evading the draft.  Concerning
draft evaders, paragraph 168 in the UNHCR Handbook provides in
pertinent part:

     "A person is clearly not a refugee if his only reason for
     desertion or draft evasion is his dislike of military service
     or fear of combat."

     The Handbook further provides in paragraph 170 that:

     "There are, however, also cases where the necessity to perform
     military service may be the sole ground for a claim to refugee
     status, i.e. when a person can show that the performance of
     military service would have required his participation in
     military action contrary to his genuine political, religious
     or moral convictions, or to valid reasons of conscience."

     The above paragraph of the Handbook is limited to some extent
by the very next paragraph.  That paragraph states that:

     "Not every conviction, genuine though it may be, will
     constitute a sufficient reason for claiming refugee status
     after desertion or draft evasion.  It is not enough for a
     person to be in disagreement with his government regarding the
     political justification for a particular military action.
     Where, however, the type of military action, with which an
     individual does not wish to be associated, is condemned by the
     international community as contrary to the basic rules of
     human conduct, punishment for desertion or draft evasion
     could, in the light of all other requirements of the
     definition, in itself be regarded as persecution."

     We are uncertain about how the Hong Kong Government interprets
the provision of the Handbook concerning draft evasion. 
Nevertheless, we have reason to believe that severe punishment for
evading the draft for genuine reasons of conscience might be
considered as an favorable factor (in combination with other
factors) in the evaluation of your claim to refugee status.

Conclusion

     In conclusion, in order to establish your entitlement to
refugee status, it is not enough to show that you will have a
difficult life if you return to Vietnam.  Instead, you must show
that if you are returned to Vietnam, you will face a degree of
suffering which is significantly worse than that suffered by the
average person in Vietnam.  Moreover, you must show that the reason
you will suffer worse than the average person is because of your
race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social
group or political opinion.

     If it is determined that you fled Vietnam only as a result of
the bad economic situation which exists in the country, you will be
considered an "economic migrant" and will be screened-out. 
Paragraph 62 of the Handbook defines an economic migrant as a
person who "voluntarily leaves his country in order to take up
residence elsewhere" and who "is moved exclusively by economic
considerations."  You should be aware, however, that if your
economic situation was made significantly worse than that of the
average Vietnamese because of persecution you suffered on account
of any of the reasons listed in this summary, you may well be
considered a refugee.

     It is also important to note that even if you left Vietnam for
political reasons, you may not be considered a refugee.  Thus, if
you left because you hated the communist regime under which you
lived, but did not suffer any more than the average Vietnamese, you
will not be considered a refugee.  Remember that in order to
establish your entitlement to refugee status, you must show that
your suffering was somehow significantly worse than the suffering
of the general population or that you have good reason to believe
that it would be significantly worse if you were returned to
Vietnam.  

     We know that the law concerning the determination of refugee
status is very complicated.  We hope, however, that this summary
will help you improve your understanding of that law and your
situation.  Please review this summary with care and help explain
it to your friends, relatives and fellow asylum seekers.  We
encourage you to share this summary with those who do not have
their own copy. -------

 From trib.EBay.Sun.COM!viet-sf-request Wed Aug  7 14:01:04 1991
 Return-Path: <viet-sf-request@trib.EBay.Sun.COM>
 Received: by szebra.saigon.com (/\==/\ Smail3.1.21.1 #21.5)
 	id <m0k7uzn-000CBQC@szebra.saigon.com>; Wed, 7 Aug 91 14:00 PDT
 Received: by sonyusa.Sony.COM (4.0/SMI-4.0)
 	id AA28528; Wed, 7 Aug 91 13:29:05 PDT
 Received: from Sun.COM by Sony.COM (5.65+/1.34)
 	id AA21046; Wed, 7 Aug 91 13:28:40 -0700
 Received: from EBay.Sun.COM (female.EBay.Sun.COM) by Sun.COM (4.1/SMI-4.1)
 	id AA20243; Wed, 7 Aug 91 13:28:50 PDT
 Received: from trib.EBay.Sun.COM by EBay.Sun.COM (4.1/SMI-4.1)
 	id AA14072; Wed, 7 Aug 91 13:28:40 PDT
 Received: by trib.EBay.Sun.COM (4.1/SMI-4.1)
 	id AA07365; Wed, 7 Aug 91 13:28:42 PDT
 Return-Path: <viet-net-request@cheshire.media.mit.edu>
 Message-Id: <9108072003.AA27259@oasys.dt.navy.mil>
 Date: 7 Aug 91 16:03 EDT
 From: tnguyen@oasys.dt.navy.mil (Thang Nguyen)
 Subject: Summary of Refugee Law
 To: viet-net@media.mit.edu
 
               BA?N TO'M TA<'T LUA^.T TI. NA.N
 
 Di.ch la.i tu+` nguye^n ba?n tie^'ng Anh Summary
 of Refugee Law soa.n bo+?i lua^.t su+ Daniel Wolf.
 
 DA^~N NHA^.P
      Chu'ng to^i quan nie^.m ra<`ng mo.i ngu+o+`i xin ti.
 na.n (asylum seeker) -de`^u co' quye`^n -du+o+.c bie^'t ve`^
 -di.nh nghi~a the^' na`o la` ti. na.n va` the^' na`o kho^ng
 la` ti. na.n theo lua^.t quo^'c te^' tru+o+'c khi tie^'p kie^'n
 vo+'i nha^n vie^n di da^n hay ca'c gio+'i chu+'c co' tha^?m
 quye`^n trong va^'n -de`^ thanh lo.c. Vi` the^', chu'ng to^i
 xin gu+?i -de^'n quy' vi. Ba?n To'm Ta<'t Lua^.t Ti. Na.n
 na`y. Ba?n to'm ta<'t na`y du+.a tre^n Co^ng U+o+'c 1951
 va` Nghi. -Di.nh Thu+ 1967 Lie^n Quan -De^'n Tu+ Ca'ch Ti.
 Na.n. -Da^y la` nhu+~ng tho?a u+o+'c quo^'c te^' quan tro.ng
 nha^'t lie^n he^. -de^'n quy ca'ch -do^'i xu+? vo+'i ngu+o+`i
 ti. na.n va` -de^'n quy che^' ti. na.n cu?a ho.. Ba?n to'm
 ta<'t na`y cu~ng du+.a pha`^n lo+'n va`o Thu? ba?n cu?a
 Cao U?y Ti. Na.n Lie^n Hie^.p Quo^'c (UNHCR) ve`^ The^? Thu+'c
 va` Tie^u Chua^?n Quy -Di.nh Tu+ Ca'ch Ti. Na.n. Thu? Ba?n
 na`y do Cao Uy? soa.n -de^? du`ng la`m ta`i lie^.u hu+o+'ng
 da^~n cho ca'c chi'nh phu? tham du+. trong vie^.c quye^'t -di.nh
 ai -du+o+.c xem la` ti. na.n, ai kho^ng. Chu'ng to^i -du+o+.c
 bie^'t ra<`ng chi'nh phu? Ho`^ng Ko^ng -da~ u+ng thua^.n a'p
 du.ng Thu? Ba?n na`y nhu+ ta`i lie^.u chi? hu+o+'ng trong
 chu+o+ng tri`nh thanh lo.c thuye`^n nha^n Vie^.t Nam.
      Chu'ng to^i xin nha^'n ma.nh ra<`ng ta`i lie^.u na`y
 chi? cung ca^'p mo^.t ba?n to'm ta<'t ca<n ba?n ve`^ lua^.t
 ti. na.n theo nhu+ -du+o+.c gia?i thi'ch trong Thu? Ba?n
 cu?a Cao U?y Ti. Na.n. -Da^y kho^ng pha?i la` mo^.t va<n
 ba?n to^?ng ho+.p va` -da`^y -du? ve`^ lua^.t pha'p cho vie^.c
 pha^n loa.i ti. na.n. Ho+n the^' nu+~a, chu'ng to^i kho^ng
 ro~ chi'nh phu? Ho`^ng Ko^ng co' cha^'p nha^.n TA^'T CA? nhu+~ng
 -die`^u khoa?n ma` chu'ng to^i tri'ch da^~n tu+` Thu? Ba?n
 cu?a Cao U?y Ti. Na.n hay kho^ng. Chu'ng to^i se~ ghi chu'
 nhu+~ng -die^?m na`o ma` chu'ng to^i kho^ng cha<'c cha<'n
 la` -du+o+.c a'p du.ng bo+?i Ho`^ng Ko^ng.
      Cuo^'i cu`ng, chu'ng to^i xin nha^'n ma.nh ra<`ng Ba?n
 To'm Ta<'t na`y KHO^NG THE^? THAY THE^' -du+o+.c lo+`i hu+o+'ng
 da^~n va` co^' va^'n cu?a ca'c gio+'i chu+'c co' tha^?m quye`^n
 ve`^ lua^.t ti. na.n. Chu'ng to^i se~ tie^'p tu.c tranh -da^'u
 -de^? ngu+o+`i xin ti. na.n co' -du+o+.c su+. hu+o+'ng da^~n
 va` co^' va^'n ve`^ lua^.t pha'p na`y.
 
 TO'M TA<'T LUA^.T TI. NA.N
      Theo Co^ng U+o+'c va` Nghi. -Di.nh Thu+ ve`^ Tu+ Ca'ch
 Ti. Na.n, danh tu+` TI. NA.N -du+o+.c a'p du.ng cho ba^'t
 cu+` ngu+o+`i na`o
      so+. ha~i mo^.t ca'ch co' ca<n cu+' la` bi. ngu+o+.c
 -da~i vi` ly' do chu?ng to^.c, to^n gia'o, quo^'c ti.ch,
 tha`nh vie^n cu?a mo^.t nho'm xa~ ho^.i -da<.c bie^.t hay
 vi` tu+ tu+o+?ng chi'nh tri., hie^.n -dang o+? ngoa`i -da^'t
 nu+o+'c cu?a mi`nh va` kho^ng the^? hay, vi` no^~i so+. ha~i
 tre^n, kho^ng muo^'n nha^.n su+. che cho+? cu?a -da^'t nu+o+'c
 -do' nu+~a.
 
      1. Ca'c Ly' Do Bi. Ngu+o+.c -Da~i
      -Die`^u ra^'t quan tro.ng ca`^n pha?i hie^?u la` theo -di.nh
 nghi~a na`y, kho^ng pha?i ba^'t ky` ai -da~ tu+`ng bi. ngu+o+.c
 -da~i hay lo so+. se~ bi. ngu+o+.c -da~i -de`^u -du+o+.c
 xem la` ngu+o+`i ti. na.n. Chi? -du+o+.c xem la` ngu+o+`i
 ti. na.n khi su+. ngu+o+.c -da~i ba<'t nguo`^n tu+` na<m
 ly' do ne^u tre^n: chu?ng to^.c, to^n gia'o, quo^'c ti.ch,
 tha`nh vie^n cu?a mo^.t nho'm xa~ ho^.i -da<.c bie^.t, va`
 tu+ tu+o+?ng chi'nh tri.. Kho^ng nha^'t thie^'t pha?i ho^.i
 -du? ca? na<m ly' do. Chi? MO^.T ly' do cu~ng -du? ro`^i.
 Cu~ng co' tru+o+`ng ho+.p su+. ngu+o+.c -da~i ba<'t nguo`^n
 tu+` nhie`^u ly' do cu`ng mo^.t lu'c. Thi' du., mo^.t ngu+o+`i
 co' the^? bi. ngu+o+.c -da~i vi` ca? hai ly' do to^n gia'o
 va` tu+ tu+o+?ng chi'nh tri.. Le~ -du+o+ng nhie^n la` ne^'u
 ba.n co' no^~i lo so+. bi. ngu+o+.c -da~i vi` nhie`^u ly'
 do kha'c nhau thi` -die`^u na`y se~ pha?i -du+o+.c xe't -de^'n
 trong thu? tu.c xa'c -di.nh tu+ ca'ch ti. na.n.
      Su+. ngu+o+.c -da~i vi` ly' do CHU?NG TO^.C co' nghi~a
 la` bi. ngu+o+.c -da~i vi` thuo^.c tha`nh pha`^n da^n to^.c
 thie^?u so^' na`o -do'. Thi' du., ba.n bi. -da`n a'p vi`
 la` ngu+o+`i go^'c Hoa hoa<.c vi` la` con lai Pha'p hoa<.c
 My~, thi` -do' la` su+. ngu+o+.c -da~i vi` ly' do chu?ng
 to^.c.
      Ngu+o+.c -da~i vi` ly' do TO^N GIA'O co' nghi~a la`
 bi. ngu+o+.c -da~i vi` ti'n ngu+o+~ng ca' nha^n hay vi` ca'c
 hoa.t -do^.ng to^n gia'o cu?a ba.n.
      Su+. ngu+o+.c -da~i vi` ly' do QUO^'C TI.CH thi` ho+i
 kho' -di.nh nghi~a mo^.t chu't. No' bao go`^m vie^.c ba.n
 co' quo^'c ti.ch cu?a mo^.t quo^'c gia kha'c, nhu+ng cu~ng
 go`^m luo^n vie^.c ba.n thuo^.c mo^.t nho'm kha'c chu?ng to^.c
 hay kha'c ngo^n ngu+~. Vi` the^', -die`^u na`y -do^i khi tru`ng
 ho+.p vo+'i su+. ngu+o+.c -da~i vi` ly' do chu?ng to^.c.
 
      Su+. bi. ngu+o+.c -da~i vi` la` THA`NH VIE^N CU?A
 MO^.T NHO'M XA~ HO^.I -DA<.C BIE^.T co`n kho' -di.nh nghi~a
 ho+n nu+~a. Theo Thu? Ba?n cu?a Cao Uy? Ti. Na.n, mo^.t
 nho'm xa~ ho^.i -da<.c bie^.t thu+o+`ng bao go`^m nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i
 co' cu`ng hoa`n ca?nh ly' li.ch, tho'i quen hoa<.c ti`nh
 tra.ng xa~ ho^.i gio^'ng nhau. Thu? Ba?n na`y co`n gia?i
 thi'ch the^m ra<`ng su+. thuo^.c ve`^ mo^.t nho'm xa~ ho^.i
 -da<.c bie^.t nhu+ va^.y co' the^? la` nguye^n nha^n cu?a
 su+. ngu+o+.c -da~i khi chi'nh phu? kho^ng tin va`o su+.
 trung tha`nh cu?a tha`nh pha`^n xa~ ho^.i a^'y -do^'i vo+'i
 che^' -do^.. Trong mo^.t nu+o+'c Co^.ng Sa?n nhu+ Vie^.t Nam
 hie^.n nay, ba.n co' the^? -du+o+.c xe't la` ti. na.n ne^'u
 ba.n co' the^? chu+'ng minh -du+o+.c ra<`ng ba.n bi. -da`n
 a'p vi` bi. chi'nh quye`^n coi la` thuo^.c giai ca^'p tu+ sa?n,
 -di.a chu? hoa<.c bi. -da`n a'p vi` ba?n tha^n hay tha^n
 nha^n ba.n -da~ la`m vie^.c trong bo^. ma'y chi'nh quye`^n
 hoa<.c qua^n -do^.i cu?a che^' -do^. cu~.
      Cho't he^'t la` su+. ngu+o+.c -da~i vi` ly' do TU+ TU+O+?NG
 CHI'NH TRI.. Theo -do', ne^'u ba.n bi. -da`n a'p vi` quan
 -die^?m hoa<.c hoa.t -do^.ng chi'nh tri. thi` ba.n co' the^?
 -du+o+.c xem la` ngu+o+`i ti. na.n. Vie^.c chu+'ng to? ra<`ng
 mi`nh co' tu+ tu+o+?ng ngu+o+.c la.i hay cho^'ng -do^'i la.i
 vo+'i chi'nh quye`^n kho^ng -du? -de^? chu+'ng minh su+. ngu+o+.c
 -da~i. Pha?i la`m sao chu+'ng to? ra<`ng NHA` CA`^M QUYE`^N
 LU+U Y' -DE^'N QUAN -DIE^?M CHI'NH TRI. CU?A BA.N va` ba.n
 PHA?I BI. -DA`N A'P HAY CHA<'C CHA<'N SE~ BI. -DA`N A'P
 VI` CA'C QUAN -DIE^?M NA`Y.
      Cuo^'i cu`ng, mo^.t -die`^u ra^'t quan tro.ng ma` ba.n
 ca`^n pha?i hie^?u la` mo^.t ngu+o+`i va^~n co' the^? bi.
 -da`n a'p vi` ly' do tu+ tu+o+?ng chi'nh tri. ngay khi ngu+o+`i
 a^'y kho^ng he`^ co' quan -die^?m chi'nh tri. na`o ca?. -Da^y
 la` tru+o+`ng ho+.p cu?a nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i bi. chi'nh phu?
 GA'N GHE'P la` co' tu+ tu+o+?ng chi'nh tri.. Thi' du. ca'
 nha^n ba.n kho^ng he`^ co' quan -die^?m chi'nh tri. na`o
 ca? nhu+ng chi'nh quye`^n coi ba.n la` tha`nh pha`^n co'
 tu+ tu+o+?ng chi'nh tri. nguy hie^?m vi` gia -di`nh ba.n co'
 lie^n he^. vo+'i qua^n -do^.i hay che^' -do^. cu~. Hoa<.c,
 chi'nh phu? co' the^? coi ba.n la` tha`nh pha`^n ke? thu`
 cu?a che^' -do^. vi` ba.n theo mo^.t to^n gia'o pha?n
 -do^.ng na`o -do'. Cu~ng co' the^? chi'nh phu? cho ra<`ng
 mo^.t so^' hoa.t -do^.ng na`o -do' cu?a ba.n la` the^? hie^.n
 tha'i -do^. chi'nh tri. va` tru+`ng pha.t ba.n theo to^.i
 danh chi'nh tri. ba^'t ke^? la` ba.n co' y' tu+o+?ng chi'nh
 tri. nhu+ va^.y hay kho^ng. Trong mo^.t so^' tru+o+`ng ho+.p
 nhu+ va^.y, su+. tru+`ng pha.t to+'i mo^.t mu+'c na`o -do'
 co' the^? -du+o+.c xem la` su+. ngu+o+.c -da~i du+.a tre^n
 TU+ TU+O+?NG CHI'NH TRI. BI. GA'N GHE'P.
 
      2. -Di.nh Nghi~a Ve`^ Su+. Ngu+o+.c -Da~i
      -De^? -du+o+.c coi la` ngu+o+`i ti. na.n, ba.n kho^ng
 the^? chi? tri`nh ba`y ra<`ng mi`nh thuo^.c ve`^ mo^.t nho'm
 -da<.c bie^.t, thuo^.c mo^.t chu?ng to^.c, hay to^n gia'o na`o
 -do'; nhu+ the^' kho^ng -du?. Ba.n cu~ng kho^ng the^? chi?
 tri`nh ba`y ra<`ng bi. chi'nh phu? xem nhu+ la` co' tu+ tu+o+?ng
 cho^'ng -do^'i hay ba`i xi'ch che^' -do^.. Ba.n ca`^n pha?i
 chu+'ng minh ra<`ng vi` nhu+~ng ly' do vu+`a ne^u tre^n,
 ba.n -da~ bi. ngu+o+.c -da~i hay lo so+. mo^.t ca'ch co'
 ca<n cu+' ra<`ng ba.n se~ bi. ngu+o+.c -da~i ne^'u quay
 tro+? ve`^ que^ hu+o+ng.
      Kho' ma` -di.nh nghi~a mo^.t ca'ch chi'nh xa'c the^'
 na`o la` SU+. NGU+O+.C -DA~I. Tuy nhie^n co' the^? no'i
 ra<`ng ne^'u BA.N BI. -DO^'I XU+? TA`N TE^. HO+N NHU~NG NGU+O+`I
 BI`NH THU+O+`NG KHA'C thi` -do' la` ba.n bi. ngu+o+.c -da~i.
 Thi' du., ne^'u chi'nh quye`^n giam ca`^m mo^.t ca' nha^n na`o
 -do' qua' la^u, tra ta^'n hay sa't ha.i ho. vi` ly' do chu?ng
 to^.c, to^n gia'o, quo^'c ti.ch, tha`nh vie^n xa~ ho^.i -da<.c
 bie^.t hay vi` tu+ tu+o+?ng chi'nh tri. cu?a ngu+o+`i -do'
 thi` -da^'y la` SU+. NGU+O+.C -DA~I. Mo^.t so^' vi pha.m ve`^
 nha^n quye`^n, -de^'n mo^.t mu+'c -do^. na`o -do', cu~ng -du+o+.c
 xem la` su+. ngu+o+.c -da~i, tu`y theo hoa`n ca?nh ca'
 nha^n va` mu+'c -do^. nghie^m tro.ng cu?a su+. vi pha.m.
 Thi' du. ve`^ nhu+~ng vi pha.m nha^n quye`^n na`y la` vie^.c
 cu+o+~ng bu+'c lao -do^.ng hay ba<'t buo^.c vie^.c cu+ tru'
 o+? mo^.t no+i xa xa<m, xa ca'ch no+i gia -di`nh ba.n thu+o`ng
 so^'ng cha<?ng ha.n. Le~ di~ nhie^n, su+. vi pha.m nha^n
 quye`^n na`y pha?i lie^n quan -de^'n mo^.t trong na<m ly'
 do -da~ ne^u o+? trong -di.nh nghi~a ve`^ ngu+o+`i ti. na.n.
      Mo^.t -die`^u he^'t su+'c quan tro.ng la` pha?i pha^n
 bie^.t -du+o+.c NGU+O+.C -DA~I va` KY` THI.. Ve`^ -die`^u
 na`y, -doa.n va<n 54 trong Thu? Ba?n cu?a Cao U?y Ti. Na.n
 ne^u ro~:
      Su+. pha^n bie^.t -do^'i xu+? o+? mu+'c -do^. na<.ng
 nhe. kha'c nhau la` -die`^u xa?y ra trong nhie`^u xa~ ho^.i.
 Nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i bi. -do^'i xu+? ke'm tu+? te^' ho+n ngu+o+`i
 kha'c vi` su+. pha^n bie^.t na`y chu+a ha<?n -da~ la` na.n
 nha^n cu?a su+. ngu+o+.c -da~i. Chi? trong mo^.t so^' tru+o+`ng
 ho+.p, su+. ky` thi. mo+'i -du+o+.c xe't nhu+ la` su+.
 ngu+o+.c -da~i. -Do' la` khi su+. ky` thi. a?nh hu+o+?ng
 nghie^m tro.ng -de^'n -do+`i so^'ng cu?a ngu+o+`i bi. ky`
 thi., ty? nhu+ su+. ha.n che^' gay ga<'t ve`^ quye`^n kie^'m
 a<n sinh so^'ng, quye`^n tho+` phu+o+.ng hay quye`^n -du+o+.c
 hu+o+?ng mo^.t ne`^n gia'o du.c bi`nh thu+o+`ng nhu+ mo.i
 ngu+o+`i kha'c.
      Ne^n lu+u ta^m ra<`ng su+. ky` thi. chi? -du+o+.c xem
 la` su+. ngu+o+.c -da~i khi su+. ky` thi. a^'y o+? mu+'c
 -do^. he^'t su+'c tra`^m tro.ng. Ra^'t kho' ma` a^'n -di.nh
 -du+o+.c tra`^m tro.ng -de^'n the^' na`o thi` su+. ky` thi.
 mo+'i tro+? tha`nh su+. ngu+o+.c -da~i. Tuy nhie^n, cha<'c
 cha<'n la` ba.n se~ pha?i chu+'ng to? nhie`^u ho+n la` vie^.c
 LO+.I TU+'C BI. SU'T GIA?M CHU'T I'T, hoa<.c KHO^NG TI`M
 -DU+O+.C VIE^.C LA`M THEO SO+? THI'CH. Cu~ng ca`^n he^'t su+'c
 lu+u y' ra<`ng, nhu+ trong Thu? Ba?n cu?a Cao Uy? Ti. Na.n
 -da~ ne^u le^n, su. vie^.c mo^.t ca' nha^n -da~ la`
 na.n nha^n cu?a su+. ky` thi. se~ ho^~ tro+. the^m cho
 lo+`i khai mi`nh bi. ngu+o+.c -da~i. Ngoa`i vie^.c bi.
 ha.n che^' trong vie^.c ti`m co^ng a<n vie^.c la`m, ho.c ha`nh
 hay to^n gia'o, su+. ky` thi. co`n bao go`^m ca? su+. ha.n
 che^' quye`^n tu+. do -di la.i, quye`^n -du+o+.c hu+o+?ng su+.
 cha<m so'c y te^', hay quye`^n co' -do+`i so^'ng rie^ng tu+
 (vi` bi. co^ng an, ca?nh sa't theo do~i, qua?n che^' cha<?ng
 ha.n).
      Theo Thu? Ba?n cu?a Cao Uy? Ti. Na.n, ngoa`i vie^.c
 pha^n bie^.t giu+~a ngu+o+.c -da~i va` ky` thi., -die`^u
 quan tro.ng la` co`n pha?i pha^n bie^.t giu+~a NGU+O+.C
 -DA~I va` TRUY TO^'. Nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i tro^'n cha.y vie^.c
 bi. truy to^' hay su+. tru+`ng pha.t vi` nhu+~ng to^.i pha.m
 hi`nh su+. nhu+ sa't nha^n, ha~m hie^'p, tro^.m cu+o+'p hay
 buo^n ba'n ma tu'y... thu+o+`ng kho^ng -du+o+.c xem la`
 ti. na.n. Ve`^ -die^?m na`y, Thu? Ba?n cu?a Cao U?y Ti.
 Na.n nha<'c nho+? ra<`ng ngu+o+`i ti. na.n la` na.n nha^n,
 hay co' the^? se~ la` na.n nha^n, cu?a su+. BA^'T CO^NG
 chu+' kho^ng pha?i la` ke? cha.y tro^'n CO^NG LY'. Tuy
 nhie^n chi'nh Thu? Ba?n cu?a Cao U?y Ti. Na.n cu~ng lu+u
 y' ra<`ng -do^i khi su+. tru+`ng pha.t cu?a pha'p lua^.t
 va` vie^.c ngu+o+.c -da~i co' the^? kho' pha^n bie^.t. Thi'
 du., mo^.t ngu+o+`i vi pha.m mo^.t to^.i hi`nh su+. na`o -do'
 co' the^? bi. tru+`ng pha.t he^'t su+'c na<.ng ne`^ so vo+'i
 tho^ng thu+o+`ng vi` ngu+o+`i -do' thuo^.c tha`nh pha`^n chu?ng
 to^.c, to^n gia'o, quo^'c ti.ch, nho'm xa~ ho^.i -da<.c bie^.t
 hay vi` co' tu+ tu+o+?ng chi'nh tri. na`o -do'. Trong tru+o+`ng
 ho+.p a^'y, su+. tru+`ng pha.t na<.ng ne`^ qua' mu+'c bi`nh
 thu+o+`ng -do' co' the^? xem la` mo^.t hi`nh thu+'c ngu+o+.c
 -da~i. Ne^n lu+u y' va` ca`^n nha^'n ma.nh ra<`ng mo^.t va`i
 chi'nh quye`^n chu? tru+o+ng du`ng lua^.t pha'p -de^? tru+`ng
 pha.t nhu+~ng ca' nha^n co' y' muo^'n ha`nh su+? ca'c
 nha^n quye`^n ca<n ba?n cu?a ho. (thi' du. nhu+ lua^.t ca^'m
 -doa'n mo^.t so^' hi`nh thu+'c tho+` phu+o+.ng hoa<.c ca^'m
 pho^? bie^'n ta`i lie^.u chi'nh tri.). Su+. tru+`ng pha.t
 vi` vi pha.m nhu+~ng -die`^u khoa?n lua^.t le^. nhu+ va^.y -du+o+.c
 xem la` su+. ngu+o+.c -da~i.
      Ve`^ su+. kha'c bie^.t giu+~a su+. ngu+o+.c -da~i va`
 truy to^', co' hai va^'n -de`^ -da<.c bie^.t lie^n quan -de^'n
 nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i Vie^.t Nam xin ti. na.n ca`^n pha?i -du+o+.c
 no'i ro~ nhu+ sau:
      (a) Ra -Di Ba^'t Ho+.p Pha'p
      Nhu+ ca'c ba.n -da~ ro~, chi'nh phu? Vie^.t Nam cho ra<`ng
 vie^.c bo? nu+o+'c ra -di ba^'t ho+.p pha'p va` to^? chu+'c
 ca'c cuo^.c ra -di nhu+ the^' la` to^.i hi`nh su+.. Ve`^ vie^.c
 na`y, -doa.n 61 cu?a Thu? Ba?n no'i ro~:
      Lua^.t pha'p cu?a mo^.t so^' quo^'c gia -da<.t ra nhu+~ng
 hi`nh pha.t na<.ng ne`^ cho nhu+~ng co^ng da^n bo? nu+o+'c
 ra -di mo^.t ca'ch phi pha'p... Trong tru+o+`ng ho+.p ngu+o+`i
 ra -di phi pha'p co' the^? se~ bi. tru+`ng pha.t na<.ng ne`^,
 va` ne^'u VIE^.C RA -DI A^'Y HAY QUYE^'T -DI.NH O+? LA.I MO^.T
 -DA^'T NU+O+'C KHA'C CO' LIE^N QUAN -DE^'N NHU+~NG LY' DO
 CHU?NG TO^.C, QUO^'C TI.CH, TO^N GIA'O, THA`NH PHA`^N XA~
 HO^.I -DA<.C BIE^.T HOA<.C TU+ TU+O+?NG CHI'NH TRI., thi` ngu+o+`i
 a^'y co' the^? -du+o+.c xem la` ti. na.n
      Nhu+ the^', Thu? Ba?n cu?a Cao U?y Ti. Na.n no'i ro~
 ra<`ng su+. tru+`ng pha.t vi` vie^.c ra -di ba^'t ho+.p pha'p,
 trong mo^.t so^' hoa`n ca?nh na`o -do', co' the^? -du+o+.c
 xem la` su+. ngu+o+.c -da~i. Tuy nhie^n, co' ve? nhu+ HO`^NG
 KO^NG DIE^~N GIA?I -DIE`^U KHOA?N NA`Y TRONG THU? BA?N MO^.T
 CA'CH HE^'T SU+'C KHA<'T KHE -DO^'I VO+'I THUYE`^N NHA^N VIE^.T
 NAM. Rie^ng chu'ng to^i thi` chu'ng to^i tin ra<`ng su+.
 tru+`ng pha.t vi` ly' do ra -di ba^'t ho+.p pha'p tu+. no'
 -du? -de^? chu+'ng minh mi`nh la` ti. na.n vo+'i hai -die`^u
 kie^.n sau -da^y. Thu+' nha^'t, ca`^n pha?i chu+'ng minh -du+o+.c
 ra<`ng chi'nh phu? Vie^.t Nam tru+`ng pha.t nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i
 ra -di ba^'t ho+.p pha'p mo^.t ca'ch qua' na<.ng ne`^ va`
 ba^'t co^ng. Thu+' nhi`, ca`^n pha?i chu+'ng minh -du+o+.c
 ra<`ng ly' do cu?a su+. tru+`ng pha.t na<.ng ne`^ a^'y la`
 vi` chi'nh phu? Vie^.t Nam cho ra<`ng ngu+o+`i ra -di ba^'t ho+.p
 pha'p la` -da~ co' mo^.t ha`nh -do^.ng chi'nh tri. cho^'ng
 la.i nha` nu+o+'c. Trong nhu+~ng tru+o+`ng ho+.p nhu+ va^.y,
 chu'ng to^i quan nie^.m ra<`ng su+. tru+`ng pha.t vi` ly'
 do ra -di ba^'t ho+.p pha'p chi'nh la` su+. ngu+o+.c -da~i
 vi` ly' do TU+ TU+O+?NG CHI'NH TRI. BI. GA'N GHE'P (bo+?i
 nha` nu+o+'c).
      (b) Tro^'n Nghi~a Vu. Qua^n Su+.
       Tru+o+`ng ho+.p thu+' hai cu~ng lie^n quan va` -da'ng
 chu' y' -do^'i vo+'i ngu+o+`i xin ti. na.n Vie^.t Nam la`
 su+. tru+`ng pha.t vi` tro^'n nghi~a vu. qua^n su+.. Ve`^
 vie^.c na`y, -doa.n 168 cu?a Thu? Ba?n Cao U?y Ty. Na.n
 no'i:
      Mo^.t ngu+o+`i ro~ re^.t KHO^NG PHA?I LA` TI. NA.N
 ne^'u ly' do duy nha^'t cu?a su+. -da`o ngu~ hay tro^'n tra'nh
 nghi~a vu. qua^n su+. chi? la` vi` ho. KHO^NG THI'CH -DI
 LI'NH hay vi` SO+. CHIE^'N -DA^'U
      Nhu+ng o+? -doa.n 170 cu?a Thu? Ba?n na`y la.i no'i:
      Tuy nhie^n cu~ng co' nhu+~ng tru+o+`ng ho+.p ma`
 vie^.c ba<'t buo^.c thi ha`nh nghi~a vu. qua^n su+. co' the^?
 la` ca<n cu+' -du? -de^? -du+o+.c xem la` ti. na.n, ne^'u
 ngu+o+`i -do' co' the^? chu+'ng minh -du+o+.c ra<`ng vie^.c
 thi ha`nh nghi~a vu. qua^n su+. se~ buo^.c ngu+o+`i -do'
 du+. pha`^n va`o nhu+~ng ha`nh -do^.ng qua^n su+. -DI NGU+O+.C
 la.i VO+'I NIE`^M TIN CHA^N CHI'NH cu?a ngu+o+`i a^'y ve`^
 chi'nh tri., to^n gia'o hay -da.o -du+'c, hoa<.c vi` no'
 -di ngu+o+.c la.i vo+'i lu+o+ng ta^m.
      -Doa.n va<n no'i tre^n la.i bi. gio+'i ha.n mo^.t
 pha`^n bo+?i -doa.n ke^' tie^'p:
      Kho^ng pha?i ba^'t cu+' nie`^m tin na`o, du` la` cha^n
 chi'nh, cu~ng co' the^? la` ly' do -du? -de^? khai ra<`ng
 mi`nh la` ti. na.n sau khi -da`o ngu~ hoa<.c tro^'n nghi~a
 vu. qua^n su+.. Ne^'u chi? no'i la` mi`nh ba^'t -do`^ng y'
 kie^'n vo+'i quan -die^?m chi'nh tri. cu?a nha` nu+o+'c va`
 vi` the^' kho^ng tham du+. nghi~a vu. qua^n su+. thi` kho^ng
 -du?. Tuy nhie^n, ne^'u mo^.t ngu+o+`i kho^ng muo^'n du+.
 pha`^n va`o mo^.t cuo^.c chie^'n -da~ bi. co^.ng -do`^ng the^'
 gio+'i le^n a'n la` -di ngu+o+.c la.i nha^n ti'nh, thi`
 su+. tru+`ng pha.t vi` to^.i -da`o ngu~ hoa<.c tro^'n nghi~a
 vu. qua^n su+., vo+'i -die`^u kie^.n la` pha?i phu` ho+.p
 vo+'i nhu+~ng -die`^u khoa?n -da~ -du+o+.c ne^u ra trong
 pha`^n -di.nh nghi~a ve`^ tu+ ca'ch ti. na.n, tu+. no' co'
 the^? -du+o+.c xem la` su+. ngu+o+.c -da~i.
      Chu'ng to^i kho^ng bie^'t ra<`ng chi'nh phu? Ho`^ng Ko^ng
 lie^.u co' theo sa't mo.i -die`^u khoa?n ne^u ra trong Thu?
 Ba?n cu?a Cao U?y Ti. Na.n lie^n quan -de^'n vie^.c -da`o
 ngu~ hoa<.c tro^'n nghi~a vu. qua^n su+. hay kho^ng. Tuy nhie^n,
 chu'ng to^i tin ra<`ng vie^.c bi. tru+`ng pha.t na<.ng ne`^
 vi` tro^'n nghi~a vu. qua^n su+. thu+.c su+. vi` ly' do lu+o+ng
 ta^m co' the^? la` ye^'u to^' thua^.n lo+.i (ke^'t ho+.p cu`ng
 nhu+~ng ye^'u to^' kha'c) trong vie^.c lu+o+.ng -di.nh lo+`i
 khai xin ti. na.n cu?a ba.n.
 
 KE^'T LUA^.N
      -De^? -du+o+.c hu+o+?ng quy che^' ti. na.n, ne^'u chi?
 chu+'ng minh ra<`ng ba.n se~ ga<.p kho' kha<n ne^'u pha?i
 quay ve`^ Vie^.t Nam thi` chu+a -du?. Ba.n PHA?I chu+'ng to?
 -du+o+.c ra<`ng ne^'u pha?i quay ve`^ Vie^.t Nam, ba.n se~
 pha?i chi.u -du+.ng mo^.t cuo^.c so^'ng to`^i te^. ho+n nhu+~ng
 ngu+o+`i da^n bi`nh thu+o+`ng ra^'t nhie`^u. Ho+n the^', ba.n
 co`n pha?i chu+'ng minh ra<`ng ly' do da^~n -de^'n su+. kho^?
 so+? ho+n ngu+o+`i kha'c na<`m trong nhu+~ng ly' do cu?a
 -di.nh nghi~a ti. na.n: chu?ng to^.c, to^n gia'o, quo^'c
 ti.ch, tha`nh vie^n cu?a mo^.t nho'm -da<.c bie^.t hoa<.c
 quan -die^?m chi'nh tri..
      Ne^'u ly' do ra -di la` vi` hoa`n ca?nh kinh te^' cu?a
 -da^'t nu+o+'c qua' kho' kha<n thi` ba.n se~ bi. xem la`
 di da^n kinh te^' va` ba.n se~ bi. loa.i. -Doa.n 62
 cu?a Thu? Ba?n quy -di.nh di da^n kinh te^' la` nhu+~ng
 ai tu+. y' bo? nu+o+'c ra -di -de^? -di.nh cu+ o+? mo^.t
 no+i kha'c va` ra -di thua`^n tuy' vi` nhu+~ng ca^n nha<'c
 hoa`n toa`n mang ti'nh cha^'t kinh te^'." Tuy nhie^n, ne^n
 bie^'t ra<`ng, ne^'u hoa`n ca?nh kinh te^' cu?a ba.n so+?
 di~ to`^i te^. ho+n nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i Vie^.t Nam bi`nh thu+o+`ng
 kha'c la` do su+. ngu+o+.c -da~i cu?a chi'nh quye`^n vi`
 nhu+~ng ly' do -da~ ne^u, thi` ra^'t co' the^? ba.n va^~n
 -du+o+.c hu+o+?ng quy che^' ti. na.n.
      Mo^.t -die`^u quan tro.ng ca`^n nho+' la` ne^'u ba.n bo?
 Vie^.t Nam ra -di vi` ly' do chi'nh tri., chu+a ha<?n la` ba.n
 se~ -du+o+.c xem la` ngu+o+`i ti. na.n. Ne^'u ba.n ra -di
 chi? vi` thu` ghe't che^' -do^. Co^.ng Sa?n, nhu+ng thu+.c
 ra ba.n chu+a pha?i chi.u -du+.ng -die`^u gi` to`^i te^. ho+n
 nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i Vie^.t Nam bi`nh thu+o+`ng kha'c thi` ba.n
 cu~ng cha<?ng -du+o+.c xem la` ti. na.n -da^u. Ne^n nho+'
 ne^'u muo^'n -du+o+.c xem la` ti. na.n, ba.n pha?i chu+'ng
 minh -du+o+.c ra<`ng mi`nh pha?i chi.u -du+.ng mo^.t mu+'c
 -do^. -do^'i su+? to`^i te^. ho+n ra^'t nhie`^u so vo+'i nhu+~ng
 ngu+o+`i bi`nh thu+o+`ng kha'c tru+o+'c khi ra -di hay ne^'u
 se~ pha?i tro+? ve`^ Vie^.t Nam.
      Nha<'c la.i, theo -di.nh nghi~a ve`^ tu+ ca'ch ti. na.n
 cu?a Cao U?y Ti. Na.n, ne^'u muo^'n -du+o+.c hu+o+?ng quy
 che^' ti. na.n, ba.n pha?i -du+a ra hoa<.c chu+'ng minh -du+o+.c
 HAI ye^'u to^' quan tro.ng:
      (1) -Da~ bi. chi'nh quye`^n ngu+o+.c -da~i
      (2) Ly' do bi. ngu+o+.c -da~i pha?i la` mo^.t trong
 na<m ly' do chu?ng to^.c, quo^'c ti.ch, to^n gia'o, tha`nh
 pha`^n xa~ ho^.i -da<.c bie^.t hay quan -die^?m chi'nh tri..
      Chu'ng to^i bie^'t ra<`ng lua^.t pha'p lie^n quan -de^'n
 vie^.c lu+o+.ng -di.nh tu+ ca'ch ti. na.n ra^'t la` phu+'c
 ta.p. Tuy nhie^n chu'ng to^i hy vo.ng ra<`ng Ba?n To'm Ta<'t
 na`y se~ giu'p ba.n hie^?u the^m pha`^n na`o ve`^ nhu+~ng
 -die`^u lua^.t -do' va` hoa`n ca?nh cu?a chi'nh ba.n.
      Xin ba.n ha~y -do.c Ba?n To'm Ta<'t na`y mo^.t ca'ch
 he^'t su+'c ca^?n tha^.n va` ti`m hie^?u cu~ng nhu+ pha^n ti'ch
 no' vo+'i ba.n be`, tha^n nha^n hoa<.c nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i
 cu`ng hoa`n ca?nh.
      Xin vui lo`ng chia xe? nhu+~ng tin tu+'c na`y ba<`ng
 ca'ch chuye^?n cho nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i kho^ng co' cu`ng -do.c.
 
 Ghi chu':Ba`i na`y la` mo^.t ta`i lie^.u
 cu?a Chu+o+ng Tri`nh LAVAS (Legal Assistance for Vietnamese Asylum
 Seekers), mo^.t chu+o+ng tri`nh vo+'i mu.c tie^u ba?o ve^.
 quye`^n ti. na.n cu?a thuye`^n nha^n. Ngoa`i ta`i lie^.u
 na`y, LAVAS -da~ soa.n ta`i lie^.u Hu+o+'ng Da^~n Va^'n
 -De`^ Thanh Lo.c Ta.i Ho`^ng Ko^ng.
 
 -De^? co' ca'c ta`i lie^.u cu?a LAVAS, xin lie^n la.c
         LAVAS
 	c/o Boat People S.O.S. 
 	P.O. Box 2652
 	Merrifield,VA 22116 USA.
 
 Xin go+?i ke`m 3.00 My~ kim cho mo^~i ta`i lie^.u
 -de^? tra? chi phi' a^'n loa't va` cu+o+'c phi'. Hoa<.c,
 ne^'u tha^'y nhu+~ng ta`i lie^.u cu?a LAVAS hu+~u i'ch, xin
 quy' vi. u?ng ho^. ta`i cha'nh -de^? LAVAS co' the^? tie^'p
 tu.c cung u+'ng nhu+~ng ta`i lie^.u tu+o+ng tu+. cho -do^`ng ba`o.
 
 LAVAS kho^ng giu+~ ba?n quye`^n. Mo.i ta`i
 lie^.u xin tuy` nghi pho^? bie^'n. Tuy nhie^n, ne^'u tri'ch thua^.t
 tu+` ta`i lie^.u cu?a LAVAS thi` xin ghi xua^'t xu+'.
 -------

-- End of filtered message --
-- 
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
 Station Zebra     {claris,zorch}!szebra!tin, tin@szebra.saigon.com
 Sunnyvale, CA      (408)739-1520  24hrs Telebit+ 300-19200bps
                    Pub *NIX, Usenet and mail (FREE)